A Functional Grammar of Udi

Wolfgang Schulze (University of Munich)

The ‘Functional Grammar of Udi’ [FGU] aims at a comprehensive usage-based description of Udi [Eastern Samur, Lezgian, East Caucasian] based on a large corpus of written sources and on own field notes. The perspective is both descriptive and explanatory in a functional and typological sense. The grammar has a ‘double reading’: On the one hand, it follows the standard of Basic Linguistic Theory to allow the localization of Udi grammar in the world of typological variance (often referring to corpus linguistics in order to unveil prototypical and peripheral usage). On the other hand, its functional perspective is embedded into a holistic cognitive framework that concentrates on the cognitive typology of Udi grammar. Additionally, FGU explores the morphology of Udi from a diachronic perspective as long as data allow this perspective (integrating data from Old Udi as they become apparant from the Caucasian Albanian Palimpsest, but concentrating on the description of grammaticalization paths) A preliminary version of pages 1-750 is available on demand (three PDF files (0,8 MB + 1,2 MB + 2,1 MB)).

Reading sample (3.2.8)

To appear III/2007.

Contents / Page numbering reflects the current state of the manuscript /

Preliminary version (9/06)

Introduction

Chapter 1: The language in its social and historical setting

1.1 Basic data
1.2 Affiliation
1.3 Sociolinguistics of Udi
1.4 The dialects of Udi
1,5 Contact linguistics
1.5 The history of Udi
1.6 History of research
1.7 A typological overview of Udi grammar
1.8 Methodological and theoretical issues

Chapter 2: The sound system of Udi

2.1 Introduction 1
2.1.1 A sample text in phonetic transcription 1
2.1.2 Phonetic styles 2
2.1.3 Distribution of vowels and consonants 2

2.2 The sound system 4
2.2.1 Vowels 4
2.2.1.1 Basic system 4
2.2.1.2 The primary vowels 5
2.2.1.3 Pharyngealization 7
2.2.1.4 Diphthongs 7
2.2.2 Consonants 8
2.2.2.1 Introduction: The Udi consonants in their ‘Lezgian’ setting. 8
2.2.2.2 Consonantal phonemes: Basic system 10
2.2.2.3 The articulation of Udi consonants 12
2.2.3 Articulatory variants of Udi in Nizh and Okt’omberi 19
2.2.3.1 Nizh 19
2.2.3.2 Okt’omberi 21

2.3 The phonotactics of Udi 24
2.3.1 Lexical phonotactics and frequency patterns 24
2.3.1.1 Basic data 24
2.3.1.2 The IMF-index 26
2.3.1.3 CV sequences 30
2.3.2 Usage-based distribution and frequency 33
2.3.2.1 The general pattern 33
2.3.2.2 Distribution and frequency patterns in Nizh 38
2.3.2.2 Distribution and frequency patterns of Caucasian Albanian 41
2.3.3 Areal features of usage-based frequency patterns 43
2.3.3.1 Lezgi 45
2.3.3.2 Kryts 45
2.3.3.3 Northern Tati 47
2.3.3.4 Old Udi and Old Armenian 47
2.3.3.5 Azeri 50
2.3.3.6 Areal features: Summary 50

2.4 Vowels in contact 51
2.4.1 Harmonic features of uninflected and underived words 51
2.4.3 Harmonic patterns in Nizh 56

2.5 Phonetic processes 57
2.5.1 Introduction 57
2.5.2 General processes 58
2.5.2.1 Vowels 58
2.5.2.2 Consonants 70

2.6 Syllable and word structure 73
2.6.1 The syllabic structure of lexemes 73
2.6.1.1 Introduction. 74
2.6.1.2 Monosyllabic words 74
2.6.1.3 Polysyllabic words. 81
2.6.2 The structure of Udi words in context 85
2.6.2.1 The make-up of Udi morphemes. 85
2.6.2.2 The syllabic organization of inflected words. 88

2.7 Stress patterns 92
2.7.1 Basic properties 92
2.7.2 Stress attraction 94
2.7.3 Stress neutral affixes 97
2.7.4 Clitics and stress 99
2.7.5 Sentence stress 103

Chapter 3: Morphology and Morphosemantics

3.1 A general profile of Udi morphology
3.1 A general profile of Udi morphology 100 [add 10 pages!]
3.1.1 Formal properties 100
3.1.2 Word classes in Udi 111

3.2 Establishing reference 116
3.2.1 Introduction 116
3.2.2 Basic reference 117
3.2.2.1 Basic nouns. 117
3.2.2.2 Derived nouns. 121
3.2.2.3 Compounding. 128
3.2.2.4 Reduplication. 137
3.2.3 Referentialization 139
3.2.4 Subcategorization (Noun Classes) 141
3.2.5 Number 144
3.2.5.1 Introduction. 144
3.2.5.2 Basic patterns of plural formation. 144
3.2.5.3 Monomorphemic plurals. 145
3.2.5.4 Polymorphemic plurals. 150
3.2.5.5 Collectives. 154
3.2.6 Communicative reference 155
3.2.7 Definite / Indefinite Reference 160
3.2.8 Pronominal reference 162
3.2.8.1 Qualitative/quantitative reference. 162
3.2.8.2 Deictic, anaphoric and reflexive/reciprocal reference. 164
3.2.8.2.1 Deictic and anaphoric reference. 164
3.2.8.2.2 Reflexive/reciprocal reference. 175
3.2.8.3 Unspecific, general, and negative reference. 177
3.2.8.3.1 Unspecific und general reference. 177
3.2.8.3.2 Negative reference. 192
3.2.8.4 Q-reference. 193
3.2.8.5. Relative reference. 204
3.2.9 Attributing the referent 210
3.2.9.1 Qualification. 216
3.2.9.2 Possession. 233
3.2.9.3 Deixis. 237
3.2.9.4 Quantification. 255
3.2.9.5 Interrogative 266
3.2.10 Numerals 271
3.2.10.1 Cardinal numerals 272
3.2.10.2 Referential cardinal numerals. 277
3.2.10.3 Ordinal numerals 280
3.2.10.4 Referential ordinal numerals 281
3.2.10.5 Collective numerals 282
3.2.10.6 Fractions 285
3.2.10.8 Approximation 286

3.3 Contextualizing reference (Case Inflection) 287
3.3.1 Introduction 287
3.3.2 Inflectional types 291
3.3.3 Relational cases 321
3.3.3.1 Introduction 321
3.3.3.2 The Absolutive case 323
3.3.3.3 Ergative/Instrumental 325
3.3.3.4 Benefactive 329
3.3.3.5 The two genitives 336
3.3.3.6 The two datives 354
3.3.4 Locational cases 379
3.3.4.1 Basic local cases 383
3.3.4.2 Residues of older case morphemes 403
3.3.5 Contextualizing plural referents 416
3.3.5.1 The inflection of plural nouns. 416
3.3.5.2 Pluralia tantum and collective nouns. 429
3.3.6 The inflection of personal pronouns 430
3.3.6.1 Basic properties. 431
3.3.6.2 First person singular. 435
3.3.6.3 Second person singular. 437
3.3.6.4 First person plural. 438
3.3.6.5 Second person plural. 440
3.3.7 The inflection of deictic pronouns 447
3.3.7.1 Demonstrative pronouns. 447
3.3.7.2 Residues of other infletional paradigms 456
3.3.8 The inflection of reflexive and reciprocal pronouns 458
3.3.8.1 The reflexive pronoun. 459
3.3.8.2 The reciprocal pronoun. 466
3.3.9 The contuextualization of indefinite, general, negative, relative, and Q-reference 469
3.3.9.1 Indefinite (non-specific) reference. 470
3.3.9.2 General reference 476
3.3.9.3 Negative reference. 478
3.3.9.4 Relative reference. 478
3.3.9.5 Q-reference. 479
3.3.10 The inflection of referentialized forms 490
3.3.11 The origins of Udi case morphology 494
3.3.11.1 Stem augmentation. 494
3.3.11.2 Relational Cases. 499
3.3.11.3 Local cases. 512

3.4 The relational center: Verbs 520
3.4.1 Introduction 520
3.4.2 The formation of Udi verbs 524
3.4.2.1 Strong verbs 526
3.4.2.2 Weak verbs, Light verbs and auxiliaries 556
3.4.2.3 Idiomatic verbs 579
3.4.3 Preverbs 580
3.4.4 The Tense(-Aspect)-Mood Cluster (TAM) 588
3.4.4.1 The primary T(A)M frame 591
3.4.4.2 Secondary tense/mood forms 636
3.4.5 Echoing the referent: Personalization 658
3.4.5.1 Introduction 658
3.4.5.2 The paradigm 684
3.4.5.3 The Q-clitic 709
3.4.5.4 The origins of personal agreement clitics 720
3.4.6 Modality 750
3.4.6.1 Epistemic modality 752
3.4.6.2 Deontic modality 780
3.4.6.3 Negation 796
3.4.6.4 Potentialis 813
3.4.6.5 Necessity 820
3.4.6.6 Conative 830
3.4.6.7 Other modal expressions 848
3.4.7 Motion 860
3.4.7.1 Itiv and its grammaticalization 862
3.4.7.2 Ventiv and its grammaticalization 870
3.4.8 Causatives, Anticausatives, and medio-passives 880
3.4.9 Subordinating verbs: particples and converbs 910
3.4.10 Referential verbs: The two Masdars

3.5 Modifying the relational center or propositions
3.5.1 Adverbs
3.5.2 Postpositions
3.5.3 The morphology of junction
3.5.4 Particles/Clitics
3.5.4.1 Focus/Topic
3.4.4.2 Others

Chapter 4: Syntax and Pragmatics

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The syntax of referential structures (noun phrases)
4.2.1 Word order
4.2.2 Qualifying a referent: Adnominal adjectives and adnominal deixis
4.2.3 Linking two referents: Possession and apposition

4.3 The copularization of referential structures
4.3.1 Export of quality: predicative adjective phrases
4.3.2 Profiling a referent: predicative noun phrases
4.3.3 Comparing the referents: Comparison in Udi
4.3.4 Export of a referent in referential linkage: Long distance possession
4.3.4.1 Focusing the possessor
4.3.4.2 Focusing the possessum
4.3.5 Deictic identification

4.4 Syntax, Pragmatics, and Semantics of the clause
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Figure-Ground / Cause-Effect in Udi
4.4.3 Relational primitives in Udi
4.4.3.1 Subjective (S)
4.4.3.2 Agentive (A)
4.4.3.3 Objective (O)
4.4.3,4 Indirect Agentive (IA)
4.4.3.5 Indirect Objective (IO)
4.4.3.6 Oblique Agentive (OA) [causee]
4.4.3 Split typology
4.4.4.1 Split S
4.4.4.2 Fluid S
4.4.4.3 Split-A
4.4.4.4 Fluid A
4.4.4.5 Fluid O
4.4.5 A-deletion and O-deletion
4.4.6 Specific patterns of verbal valence
4.4.6 Grounding techniques
4.4.6.1 Subject and Object in Udi
4.4.6.2 Foregrounding and backgrounding
4.4.6.2.1 Middle verb constructions and passives
4.4.6.2.2 Pseudo-Antipassives
4.4.7 Causatives and Anti-Causatives
4.4.8 Con-centration: The syntax of reflexivity and reciprocity in Udi
4.4.9 In the interest of others: Benefactives

4.5 Word order of the clause
4.5.1 The verb
4.5.2 Referents in RP-function
4.5.3 Peripheral constituents and lexical adjuncts
4.5.4 Wh-constituents
4.5.5 Clausal adjuncts

4.6 The syntax of pragmatic markers
4.6.1 Lexical markers
4.6.2 Clitics
4.6.3 Piggy-backing

4.7 Topic and Focus
4.7.1 Identifying the topic
4.7.1.1 Position
4.7.1.2 Case marking and attribution
4.7.2 Focus strategies
4.7.2.1 PAM
4.7.2.2 Focus particles
4.7.2.3 (Pseudo-)Clefts

4.8 Linking clauses
4.8.1 Coordination: Conjunction and disjunction
4.8.2 Clausal attribution: Relative clauses in Udi
4.8.3 Complement clauses
4.8.4 The amalgamation of clauses: subordination
4.8.4.1 Serialization
4.8.4.2 Local
4.8.4.3 Temporal
4.8.4.4 Causal
4.8.4.5 Telic
4.8.4.6 Conditional
4.8.4.7 Concessive
4.8.4.8 Speech act verbs and their complements
4.8.5 Coreference
4.8.4.1 Anaphoric strategies in Udi
4.8.4.2 Masking O

4.9 The syntax of questions
4.9.1 Wh-questions and their answers
4.9.2 Yes/no-questions and their answers
4.9.3 Tag questions
4.9.4 Indirect questions (questions in subordination)
4.9.5 Rhetoric questions

4.10 Direct and indirect speech
4.10.1 Direct speech
4.10.2 Indirect speech

Chapter 5: Aspects of Lexical Typology

5.1 Basic aspects
5.2 Loan layers and domain specific loans
5.2.1 An obscure layer: Indoeuropean?
5.2.2 Old Iranian: Median
5.2.3 Old Armenian
5.2.4 Middle Iranian: Northern Tati, Parthian
5.2.5 Greek
5.2.6 Early Turkic: Kiptchak
5.2.7 East Armenian
5.2.8 Azeri
5.2.9 Russian
5.3 The Lezgian > Eastern Samur layer of the Udi lexicon
5.4 From Old Udi to Modern Udi
5.5 Color terms
5.6 Kinship and social terms
5.7 Body part terms
5.8 Motion, Direction, Location
5.9 Path and Manner Conflation
5.10 Animals
5.11 Plants
5.12 Religious terms

Chapter 6: Sample Texts

6.1 Vartashen Folk tales
6.2 Nizh contemporary prose
6.3 Nizh poems and songs
6.4 Nizh biographical texts
6.5 Oktomberi conversation and oral accounts
6.6 Old Udi (Caucasian Albanian) sample text

Appendix

Udi - English glossary

English - Udi glossary
Grammatical Index
Index of Udi words in the illustrating sample

References

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