The series "Person, Klasse, Kongruenz - Fragmente
einer Kategorialtypologie des einfachen
Satzes in den ostkaukasischen Sprachen"
will be published in seven volumes. The series is
devoted to the morphosyntax, morphosemantics, and pragmatics of the
'simple sentence' in
the about 30 autochthonous East Caucasian languages. Based on a comprehensive
description
of the relevant paradigmatic architectures (characterized in technical
terms by modest to
strong, mainly suffixing agglutination with tendencies towards fusional
and polysynthetic
procedures) the explanation of these architectures together with their
co-paradigmatization
will be approached with the help of a language and grammar theoretical
frame work that is
labeled "Grammar of Scenes and Scenarios" (GSS).
GSS hypothesizes that 'simple sentence' structures - themselves
the most basic type of
linguistic-communicatively oriented processing of event images - represent
the kernel of
prototypically organized language systems. Because of this hypothesis
the description and
explanation of those structures gain specific importance.
GSS tries to explain the grammar of a language on the basis of
the cognitive and
(cognition based) communicative behavior of an individual integrated
in a collective. This
behavior is dominated by massive hypotheses about the self-attachment
to a collective; it
represents a strongly ritualized but construing interaction of the
individual and environmental
stimuli which corresponds to the habitus of a collective and which
takes place in form of the
tacit (poiematic) and/or articulate (pragmatic) activation of an acquired
(and traditional)
knowledge system as an communicative reaction on event images.
Linguistic behavior represents the individual reaction to a collective
communicative
and cognitive standard which itself is predominantly historical in
nature. Hence GSS argues
that language as a 'metaphysical' phenomenon owns strong anachronistic
features; it follows
that functional and semantic aspects of language architecture are mainly
to be explained with
the help of a diachronic perspective (though the potential to adopt
newly established
communicative and cognitive routines plays an important role in this
respect, too).
The theoretical frame work underlying GSS can be described as
a strong diachronic
model that owes much to holistic cognitivism, constructivism, and pragmatism.
Modularity is
only accepted as a secondary 'construction' of users about their language.
Rather it is the
structural coupling of adequate network components that has to be described
as primary: This
coupling results in language as a complex 'cognitive event' - as an
emergent activity of this
polycentric complex.
According to GSS the linguistic reaction to event images heavily
depends on the
cognitive and communicative defaults of such events. It is assumed
that there is a (in parts
strongly metaphorized) correlation between the cognitive and communicative
architecture of
linguistically oriented event imaging (Scenes - or (textually
coupled) Scenarios) and their
grammaticalization that is based on the Operating System of a given
language. The
architectures of scenes (and scenarios) represent strongly ritualized
systems that are
metaphorized from space and time experience and the embodiment of environmental
experience. These systems are characterized by parameters of figure-ground
relations and their
location in the deictic, communicative, and pragmatic space and time
and by further strategies
of modality. Their linguistic instantiation as operating systems that
control the dynamic
organization of linguistic paradigms establishes the typological parameters
relevant for the
explanation of the architecture of 'simple sentences'. Their
diversification in terms of
different and prototypically organized grammatical systems is mainly
explained as the
particularization of universal techniques of categorization within
the organization of scenes
and scenarios that is conditioned by history and transmitted by collective
experience.
The series "Person, Klasse, Kongruenz" (PKK) aims at the explanation
of East
Caucasian techniques to grammaticalize scenes and scenarios with the
help of a 'Categorial
Typology'. One objective is to establish a typological oriented description
of the underlying,
prototypically organized operating systems. In addition to the description
of the synchronic
architectures in a formal and functional perspective the diachronic
aspect plays a major role
that serves as a basis for the explanation of the system internal dynamics.
In this respect, the
series PKK can also be regarded as a try to reconstruct the operating
system of both Proto-East
Caucasian and the intermediate proto-languages.
The second major objective is to depict the system transcendent
conditions of East
Caucasian operating systems both synchronically and diachronically
with respect to the
general assumptions of GSS. The results also serve to evaluate the
deductive claims of the
language and grammar theory that underlies GSS.
On the one hand, the series PKK sees itself as the sketch of
a 'constructive' model of
language. Hence it is directed at an audience that is interested in
problems of language and
grammar theory as well as in typological argumentation. On the other
hand, the empirics of
PKK addresses an audience that is specifically interested in the architecture
of the
autochthonous East Caucasian language and in its embedding in the frame
work of a General
Typology (top)
Band 1
(in zwei Teilen): Die Grundlagen
München/Newcastle 1998: LINCOM Europa, xxx, 685 Seiten.
(LINCOM studies in Caucasian linguistics, 04)
Volume I of PKK elaborates the basic questions and hypotheses related
to language and
grammar theory that underlie the frame work of PKK. Furthermore, the
prerogatives of the
subsequent volumes are addressed. Chapter I ("Prolegomenon zu einer
holistischen
Sprachtheorie") gives an online of what can be called a 'constructivistic
language theory'. The
following points (among others) are introduced: Language as a reflex
of the cognitive-
communicative interface; synchrony, diachrony, and the anachronism
of language systems;
language and grammar; pragmatics, poiematics, and somatics. Chapter
I also deals with those
aspects of the history of language research that are relevant for the
current interpretative
approach. The claims and hypotheses are reified in chapter III and
IV. Chapter III represents
the outline of the prerogatives for a 'Categorial Typology': After
a comprehensive discussion
of the architecture of linguistic paradigms these paradigms will be
related to cognitive
procedures of categorization. In this respect 'prototypical organization'
as a constructional
template for categories receives special attention. In a second step
the chapter discusses the
categorial structuring of linguistically oriented event images together
with their representation
as 'simple sentences'. It is argued that the linguistic representation
of such event images is
defined by basic and universal patterns of categorization, but that
it appears more or less
particularized in the single languages depending from tradition and
the habitus of a speech
community. Chapter III ends with a first design of a typology of event
imaging which
represents a central building block of a 'Grammar of Scenes and Scenarios'
(GSS).
GSS itself is elaborated in chapter IV. After a brief treatment
of grammar in the stretch
ratio of individual and collective the question of how grammar can
be formalized is discussed.
The remainder of chapter IV is entirely devoted the fragments of GSS,
that is to the question
of how the basic architectural features of 'scenes' become grammaticalized
by linguistic
'operating systems' and to which degree they can be manipulated out
of poiematic and/or
pragmatic reasons. Such features are (among others) causality and its
metaphorical emergence
from figure-ground-relations; grading of causality and weighting of
actance as the basis for a
scaled and dynamic typology of actance; the interaction of causality
and figure-ground-
relations with the serialized information (attention) flow (Topic-Comment
etc.); the role of
actants being indirectly involved in causality ('stand-ins'). Here,
the question of a minimal
and maximal configuration of scenes both with respect to quantity and
quality ('requisites') is
touched upon.
The second part of this chapter is devoted to the grammaticalization
of scenic
construction patterns or templates in terms of linguistic 'operating
systems'. These operating
systems are characterized together with their prototypical organization
based on multiple data
from different languages; the question of how the polycentric structures
of languages systems
can be located on the accusative-ergative-continuum (AEC) plays a prominent
role in this
respect. GSS proposes a unified account of the AEC: The typology of
split structures (A-split,
O-split etc.) is regarded as a particularized reaction on the topology
of scenes and scenarios as
well as on the semantics and pragmatics of actance and relational features.
The manipulation
of the topology of scenes in terms of strategies of perspectivization
(diathesis etc.) is
discussed and serves as an anchor to describe the centering of event
images with respect to
speech act participants. In this section a preliminary online of the
cognitive and
communicative foundations of the category 'person' is attempted as
well as the paradigmatic
reaction of operating systems on this category [PKK II will deal with
this question in extenso].
A final section deals with central aspect of chaining scenes to scenarios
together with the role
that is played by the operating systems to establish linguistic co-texts
and extra-linguistic
contexts.
Chapter II that is embedded in the theoretical perspective of
GSS gives a brief outline
of the empiric basis that will serve to evaluate GSS, namely the autochthonous
languages of
Eastern Caucasia. In a first step the question of areal linguistics
and areal typology is
addressed with respect to this region; then, the (here) 29 languages
are characterized language
by language with respect to their areal distribution etc. (affiliation,
number of speakers,
location, dialects etc.). The linguistic affiliation among these languages
is discussed in the
following section; its characterization is a main prerogative for the
diachronic treatment of the
language systems in question itself again a basic condition for GSS.
Finally, the chapter offers
a first cursory introduction into the standard typology of the East
Caucasian languages with
respect to morphosyntax (noun inflection, noun classification, personality,
verb, basic features
of syntax etc.). This presentation is framed by two text analyses:
First, a short tale (in yet
unedited Kryz and Udi versions ) is analyzed on a contrastive basis.
Second, an Aghul tale
receives an analytic treatment that already hints at some basic arguments
of GSS.
Vorbemerkungen viii
Abkürzungsverzeichnis xix
Konventionen xxiii
Zur Umschrift xxv
Inhaltsverzeichnis xxvii
I - Prolegomenon zu einer "holistischen" Sprachtheorie
0. Exkurs: Über das Eigentliche der Sprache
1
1. Sprache zwischen Kommunikation und Kognition
3
1.1 Vorbemerkungen 3
1.2 Konkretisierung 9
2. Das Bett der Geschichte 20
3. Folgerungen 42
4. Synchronie und Diachronie 63
5. Sprachsystem als Anachronismus 68
6. Sprache und Grammatik 82
7. Pragmatik, Poiematik, Somatik 94
8. Coda 111
II - Sprachen im Areal und die ostkaukasischen Sprachen
1. Sprachen im Areal 115
2. Der Ostkaukasus als linguistisches Areal
127
3. Die Sprachen des ostkaukasischen Areals
134
3.1 Die einzelnen Sprachgruppen 135
3.1.1 Naxisch 135
3.1.2 Die Daghestan-Sprachen 140
3.1.2.1 Awaro-Andisch 140
3.1.2.2 Cezisch 148
3.1.2.3 Lako-Dargwa 151
3.1.2.4 Lezgisch 155
3.2 Vorgeschichte 169
3.3 Der "areale Typ" der ostkaukasischen Sprachen
187
3.3.1 Vorbemerkungen 187
3.3.2 "Der Spatz als Händler" 191
3.3.3 Der "kanonische Typ" 206
3.3.3.1 Nominalflexion 210
3.3.3.2 Nominalklassifikation 220
3.3.3.3 Personalität 233
3.3.3.4 Zur Morphologie des Verbs 238
3.3.3.5 Der syntaktische Typ der OKS 244
3.3.4 "Die Tochter des Kaufmanns" 248
III - Kategorialtypologie
1. Vorbemerkungen 271
2. Von Paradigmata und Kategorien 276
2.1 Zur Architektur von Paradigmata 276
2.1.1 Vorbemerkungen 276
2.1.2 Die Struktur linguistischer Paradigmata
283
2.2 Auf dem Weg zur Kategorie 292
2.2.1 Vorbemerkungen 292
2.2.2 Prototypische Strukturen 298
2.3 Das Zusammenspiel 308
2.3.1 Zur "Realität" linguistischer Kategorien
308
2.3.2 Die konnektionistische Einbettung 317
3. Kategorialtypologie des "einfachen Satzes"
334
3.1 Kategorialtypologie 334
3.1.1 Kategorien im Netzwerk 334
3.1.2 Universelle und partikulare Kategorien
341
3.2 Zur Typologie von Sachverhaltsvorstellungen
351
3.3 Ausblick 384
IV - Fragmente einer "Grammatik von Szenen und Szenarien"
1. Grammatik zwischen Individuum und Kollektiv
395
2. Formalismen 413
3. Zur Konzeption einer "Grammatik von Szenen und Szenarien"
426
4. Szenen und Szenarien 435
4.1 Vorbemerkungen 435
4.2 Basisarchitekur 445
4.2.1 Kausalität 445
4.2.2 Gradierung 457
4.2.3 Attention flow 491
4.2.4 Von Statisten und Requisiten 511
4.3 Grammatikalisierung 531
4.3.1 Betriebssysteme 531
4.3.2 Perspektivierung 557
4.3.3 Zentrierung 575
5. Ausblick 601
Bibliographie 609
Sachindex 671
Personenindex 676
Sprachindex 684